Ariel D.T. Coins. In H. Geva. Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969–1982. Volume IV: The Burnt House of Area B and Other Studies. Final Report. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 2010. Pp. 236–247

JEWISH QUARTER EXCAVATIONS IN THE OLD CITY OF JERUSALEM conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969–1982 Volume IV: The Burnt House of Area B and Other Studies FINAL REPORT Hillel Geva With contributions by: D. Amit, B. Arensburg, D.T. Ariel, M. Avissar, L. Di Segni, Y. Goren, Y. Israeli, L. Kolska Horwitz, A. Kushnir-Stein, O. Lernau, N. Liphschitz, H.K. Mienis, R. Nenner-Soriano, M.J. Ponting, J. Schwartz, I. Segal, M. Sharon, I. Yezerski ISRAEL EXPLORATION SOCIETY INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY, HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM JERUSALEM 2010 CHAPTER SEVEN COINS Donald T. Ariel Area B yielded 110 coins, all bronze or copperalloy except Nos. 103 and 107–108, which are silver or silver-alloy. The coins were preliminarily identified by the numismatist of the expedition, the late Y. Meshorer. An index of the coins according to locus appears on Table 7.1. No coins derived from the few loci of (earlier) Stratum 3 in the area, and only two coins, Nos. 65 and 97, were found in Stratum 1. All of the stratified coins found in Stratum 2 were still in circulation at the end of the Second Temple period (the 70 CE destruction). This conforms to the numismatic profile, which does not suggest that any of the Stratum 2 loci need be earlier than 70 CE. This explains the coins’ predictable profile, when compared to the coins found in other areas of the Jewish Quarter. In Area B, one sees the coin currency in Jerusalem at the eve of the city’s destruction. Apparently a very few Seleucid coins were still current. The two coin types of Antiochus III and Antiochus IV found in Area B (Nos. 1–2) were in fact the most common Seleucid types circulating in the southern Levant, so it is no surprise that these were the types still circulating in Jerusalem over two centuries after having been issued. Coins of the Hasmoneans, Herod, Archelaus, the local Roman governors and Agrippa I all remained current until the Jewish War, in proportions relating to their original quantities and the length of time which had passed since their minting and until 70 CE. It has become clear that the bronze coin currency in Judea in the 1st century CE was almost entirely locally struck. One excellent example of this phenomenon is the numismatically rich site of Na¢al Yarmut, some 22 km southwest of Jerusalem, which without exception produced only coins minted in Jerusalem throughout the late Second Temple period (Ariel, forthcoming). While the mint of Jerusalem completely dominated the bronze coin currency of rural Judea, from Modiªin in the west to ªEin Gedi in the east, the coin finds from Area B in the Jewish Quarter show that the capital was slightly more cosmopolitan than its hinterlands. The autonomous (1st-century BCE) coin of Gadara (No. 11), the three Claudian (Nos. 30–32) coins of Alexandria, and the autonomous (59/60 CE) coin of Antioch (No. 48) all suggest that while the local mint dominated the city’s bronze currency, there were other coins circulating. (Regarding the five less well-identified Roman Provincial coins, Nos. 96–100, see below.) It is tempting to claim that these coins arrived with the many pilgrims who visited the city, especially during the three pilgrimage festivals. Finds of coins from Alexandria in the southern Levant in the 1st century CE, such as Nos. 30–32 and possibly No. 96, are rare but not unknown in excavations. Three other unpublished coins of Claudius from Alexandria have been found elsewhere in Jerusalem, in the 1935 excavations at the Citadel (IAA 85454, RPC 1: 703, No. 5184; 50/51 CE), in excavations at the southwest corner of the Temple Mount (IAA 84183, RPC 1: 703, No. 5187; 51/52 CE; thanks to R. Reich for permission to note the coin), and in excavations in the City of [ 236 ] CHAPTER SEVEN: COINS David (of the same type as No. 32; IAA 117590, RPC 1: 703, No. 5182; 50/51 CE; thanks to D. Ben-Ami for permission to note the coin). Another excavation near Jerusalem, at Shuªafat, produced an Alexandrine coin of Augustus (IAA 99832, RPC 1: 695, No. 5062; 11/12 CE; thanks to R. BarNathan for permission to note the coin). Somewhat further afield, coins under Augustus minted in Alexandria were found at Tel Michal (Kindler 1989: 330, No. 157; IAA 31267; 9/10–11/12 CE) and Masada (IAA 72167; Meshorer 1989: 125, No. 3813; 10/11 CE). Chronologically, because they derive from the 70 CE destruction level, the coins from Area B cannot technically provide evidence for gaps or fluctuations in the occupation of the Burnt House. Nevertheless, it may be pointed out that there are no unusual peaks or dips in the numbers of coins from the excavation area. The coins, deriving from the general Jerusalem currency of 70 CE, reflect the continuous and essentially consistent economic activity of the city in general — and the Upper City (now the Jewish Quarter) during that period in particular — from some time in the 2nd century BCE until the end of the Jewish War. Owing to their inexact identifications, five Roman provincial coins (Nos. 96–100) bear dates of the 1st or 1st–2nd century. Based upon their contexts there is no doubt that the coins actually date before 70 CE. The question arises of whether these coins were current in Jerusalem before and during the Jewish War, or were deposited in the Burnt House only during its destruction? This question was possibly in Meshorer’s mind when he noted that No. 96 may have been struck in Dora, as that mint issued coins during the Jewish War (Meshorer 1986–87: 68–69, Nos. 20–27). In this regard it is also worth pointing out that on the obverse of No. 98 is a round countermark possibly depicting a head. It is often supposed — certainly in the southern Levant where many countermarked coins bear legionary symbols — that much of countermarking on Roman provincial coins relate to Roman military activity (Howgego 1985: 18). In this region, while most countermarks date after 70 CE, some are contemporaneous with the Jewish War (Howgego 1985: 127–128, Nos. 115, 121), and others are earlier (Howgego 1985: 128, Nos. 118, 123). If No. 98 was countermarked during the Jewish War, then it too may have arrived in the city during the war or upon the Roman conquest. Unfortunately, there is no definitive answer to when these coins arrived. No other artifacts in the Burnt House may be related to the Roman army’s presence during or after the destruction there. There is no evidence of post-70 CE intrusions in the Burnt House, neither in the stratigraphy, nor in the finds. The late coin of L.209 (No. 101) and the four late coins of L.213 (Nos. 102–103, 105, and 108) must consequently be registration errors. However, as Nos. 96–100 may have been minted or countermarked during the course of the war, we suppose they arrived in Jerusalem during the fighting, and joined the coins then current in the capital before its destruction. Regarding the Second Temple period coins’ distribution within the Burnt House, relative high numbers were found in three rooms: L.203, L.213, and L.217 (28, 31, and 28 coins respectively). Room L.213 was the largest room in the Burnt House, and particularly rich in finds of various categories. Rooms L.217 and L.203 were also rich in finds. The resplendent finds in all three rooms may thus explain why large coin quantities were also found in them. At the same time, the small quantity of coins in L.211 may be explained by the fact that it served as a kitchen. The numbers of Jewish War coins found in the Burnt House (Stratum 2) were: 29 of “year two” (No. 65 is from Stratum 1), 10 of “year three,” 2 of either “year two” or “year three,” and 3 of “year four.” The relative numbers of “year two” and “year three” bronze coins of the Jewish War have been recently discussed. The percentage of “year three” coins relative to “year two” coins in the Khirbet Zeitah hoard is 10.3% (Kindler 2003-06), while that percentage at Masada is 22.4%. In the Burnt House the percentage is 34.5% (“year three,” Nos. 81–90 vs. “year two,” Nos. 51–64, 66–80). This may be explained in the following way. If we view the deposit date of the Khirbet Zeitah hoard as sometime during the third year of the war, we may suppose that fewer coins (10.3%) of “year three” were circulating. The Jewish War coins at Masada, with its 22.4% of “year three” vs. “year two” bronzes, derive from the numismatic profile [ 237 ] DONALD T. ARIEL of a site conquered some years after 70 CE. The roughly one-third relationship of “year three” to “year two” coins from Area B comes from a destruction layer, and is consequently more likely to be the most accurate. The three “year four” coins (69/70 CE, Nos. 93– 95) point to the date of the destruction of the Burnt House. This corresponds to Josephus’ description of the siege and destruction of Jerusalem, and specifically its Upper City, in the summer of 70 CE. Although coins were also minted in the truncated fifth year of the Jewish War, the obvious reason that no “year five” coins were found is that silver coins alone were minted during that time, and apparently only very few. Only three “year five” coins were ever found in a controlled excavation, all at Masada (Meshorer 1989: 119, Nos. 3595– 3597). The “year two,” “year three,” and “year four” bronze coins certainly remained current until the city’s destruction. Kindler also discussed the appearance of the barbaric issues of the “year two” and “year three” coins (2003–06: 67). He asked where these barbaric coins were issued, and suggested that they may not have been struck in Jerusalem. None of the Jewish War coins in the Burnt House were barbaric. Although the Area B quantities are small, this may provide some support for Kindler’s suggestion. Table 7.1 Area B, index of coin identifications according to locus; asterisked coins are apparent registration errors Locus Str. Qty. Minting Authority Notes (TJC No., mint if known and not Jerusalem) Locus Total 202 1 203 2 206 209 211 2 2 2 213 2 1 1 3 4 4 1 15 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 2 1 1 16 3 Jewish War (67/68 CE) Antiochus III (198–187 BCE) Augustus/Ambibulus (8/9–10/11 CE) Agrippa I (41/42 CE) Nero/Festus (59 CE) Judean Jewish War (67/8–68/69 CE) Archelaus (4 BCE–6 CE) Justinian I (541/42 CE)* Augustus/Ambibulus (8/9 CE) Tiberius/Gratus (17/18–24/25 CE) Jewish War (69/70 CE) Jannaeus (104–76 BCE) Autonomous (1st c. BCE) 37 BCE–6 CE Claudius (41/42–50/51 CE) Nero/Festus (59 CE) Autonomous (59/60 CE) 1st c. BCE–1st c. CE Jewish War (67/8–69/70 CE) Roman provincial (1st–2nd c. CE) 196 Akko-Ptolemais 313, 315 120 345–345a 196, 204 73a 313 Cf. 327 214 L7–14 Gadara Cf. 59 Alexandria 345 Antioch 196, 204, 214 1 28 1 1 3 35 [ 238 ] CHAPTER SEVEN: COINS Locus Str. Qty. Minting Authority Notes (TJC No., mint if known and not Jerusalem) Locus Total 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 7 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 214 2 217 2 218 225 226 Surf. 1 2 2 “Cleaning” 1 1 1 1 Total Abû ‘Ali al-Mansûr al-Hâkim bi-Amr Allâh (996–1021 CE)* Baldwin III (1143–1163 CE)* Mamlûks (14th c. CE)* Mahmûd II (1808–1839 CE)* Claudius/Felix (54 CE) Antiochus IV (175–164 BCE) Jannaeus (104–76 BCE) Archelaus (4 BCE–6 CE) Tiberius/Pilatus (30/31–31/32 CE) Agrippa I (41/42 CE) Claudius/Felix (54 CE) Nero/Festus (59 CE) Jewish War (67/8–68/69 CE) Roman provincial (1st–2nd c. CE?) Roman provincial (1st–2nd c. CE) Herod (37–4 BCE) Agrippa I (41/42 CE) Jannaeus (104–76 BCE) British Mandate (1935) Jannaeus (104–76 BCE) Al-‘Âdil I Sayf ad-Dîn Abû Bakr (1203–1213 CE) Ottomans (15th–16th c. CE) Mahmûd II (1808–1839) Franz Josef (1894) British Mandate (1935) 340b Akko-Ptolemais K–L 68 333 120 342 345–345a 196–97, 204–5 1 59 120 K Palestine K, L7–14 Dimashq 1 28 1 1 1 2 7 Qustantiniye Vienna Palestine 110 Catalogue of Coins from Area B The following catalogue is organized chronologically. Asterisked coins appear in Pl. 7.1. The late Y. Meshorer provided preliminary identifications of the coins for the excavators. Some of these identifications are preserved in the “Notes” column. See on following pages [ 239 ] No. Obv. Notes IAA No. Antiochus III (222–187 BCE) Obliterated Antiochus IV (175–164 BCE) /ANTIOXOY Radiate head r.; behind: (?) Jannaeus (104–76 BCE) Star; between rays: PaleoHebrew inscription K L7–14 K–L Star in border of dots Obliterated Herod (37–4 BCE) BA I E Stg. fig. SNG Israel 1: 156, No. Akko-Ptolemais 1130 111556 [- - -] Apollo stg. l. 111491 198–187 BCE Akko-Ptolemais SC 1: 416, No. 1096 Rev. Loci (Baskets), (Axis, Diam., Wt.) Date (CE) Mint (if not Jerusalem) Bibliography (TJC No. unless otherwise stated) 1 203 (4183/7) (12 mm., 1.74 gm.) 2* 217 (4287/1) ( , 14 mm., 2.27 gm.) 3–4 Anchor in circle Anchor “Cleaning” (4029); Surf. (4362/1) Anchor surrounded by Greek inscription 111566; 111569 111513; 111523; 111528; 111567 111544 5–8 213 (4543; 4609/4; 4638/4); “Cleaning” (4081/1) 11 mm., 0.21 9 217 (4153/3) (8 gm.) DONALD T. ARIEL [ 240 ] [- - -] Anchor (?) Autonomous (1st c. BCE) Head (?) Archelaus (4 BCE–6 CE) [- - -] Anchor [- - -] Bunch of grapes E N PXO[Y] Crested helmet [E ]N Double cornucopias with caduceus between horns Head of Tyche r. Gadara Double cornucopias with caduceus between horns [above, one dot seen] 59 68 73a Herod or Archelaus (37 BCE–6 CE) [- - -] Anchor [E ]N Double cornucopias with caduceus between horns 59 19 mm., 1.46 10 225 (4458) ( , 14 gm.) 111564 11 213 (4729) ( ?, 18 mm., 4.24 gm.) Cf. RPC 1: 666, No. 4810 111534 15 mm., 0.83 12 217 (4205/4) (12 gm.) 111572 111497 13 206 (4025) ( , 17 mm., 1.47 gm.) 14 213 (4482) ( , 16 mm., 1.35 gm.) Meshorer: Herod, TJC: 222–223, No. 59 111511 No. Obv. Notes IAA No. Augustus (27 BCE–14 CE) KAICA–POC Ear of corn Palm tree; in field: L– Palm tree; in field: L– [·] 5/6–8/9 Palm tree; in field: L–MA 10/11 315 111481 Cf. 311 111536 8/9 313 111489–90; 111500 KAICA–[P]OC Ear of corn [K] CA–POC Ear of corn Tiberius (14–37 CE) Obliterated [- - -] Lituus 30/31 333 In wreath: [L]– Z [IOV]– [IA] Palm branch Cf. 327 17/18– 24/25 111499 111547 Rev. Loci (Baskets), (Axis, Diam., Wt.) Date (CE) Mint (if not Jerusalem) Bibliography (TJC No. unless otherwise stated) 203 (4183/5; 4183/6); 211 15*–17 (4367/2) 18 216 (4124) ( , 16 mm., 1.49 gm.) 19 203 (4110) ( , 18 mm., 2.69 gm.) 12 mm., 0.41 20 211 (4367/1) (8 gm.) 21 217 (4205/3) ( , 17 mm., 1.79 gm.) 22 Cf. 333 Agrippa I (41–44 CE) Three ears of grain; in field: L– 41/42 Same Same 120 Same; in field: [L– ] Claudius (41–54 CE) CHAPTER SEVEN: COINS [ 241 ] Obliterated [- - -] Laureate head r., with star 42/43 Hippopotamus r.; above: [AYTO]KP; below: L Alexandria [- - -] Laureate head r., with star Six ears of corn; above: [- - -]; below: [- - -] 41/42– 43/44 Same [- - -] Laureate head r. Winged caduceus and four ears of corn; above: [AYTO–K]PA 49/50– 50/51 Same 217 (4233/1) (16 mm., 1.96 gm.) [TIBEPIOY] KAICA[POC] Lituus In wreath: [- - -] 30/31– 31/32 111552 23–27 203 (4128/1; 4183/1); 217 (4287/2; BACI EWC 4316/2*); 226 (4438) A PI A Canopy 111482; 111485; 111557; 111562; 111565 111487; 111495 28–29 203 (4183/3); 204 (4250/1) 30* 213 (4726) ( , 26 mm., 10.07 gm.) RPC 1: 701, No. 5140; cf. BMC Alex.: 12, No. 98 111533 31 213 (4722) ( , 24 mm., 7.68 gm.) Cf. RPC 1: 701, No. 5123; cf. BMC Alex.: 12, Nos. 93–95 Identification of emperor uncertain 111529 32 213 (4723) ( , 26 mm., 9.19 gm.) Cf. BMC Alex.: 12, No. 100; RPC 1: 703, No. 5175 111530 No. Obv. Notes IAA No. Rev. Loci (Baskets), (Axis, Diam., Wt.) Date (CE) Mint (if not Jerusalem) Bibliography (TJC No. unless otherwise stated) 33 [TI K AY IO]C KAICAP [ EPM] Two crossed palm branches In wreath: IOV/[ ]IA A /[P]I IN/ NA 54 342 Nero (54–68 CE) 214 (4381) ( , 17 mm., 1.77 gm.) [NEPW K AY] K [I]C[AP] (retrograde) Two oblong spears and two shields [B]P[IT]/L–[IA]/K–A[I] Palm tree 54 340b 111535 34* 217 (4284) ( , 16 mm., 2.18 gm.) 111555 35–43 58/59 Same 345a 345 Same Autonomous (59/60 CE) ANTIOXE N Bust of Tyche r. Antioch Judean (1st c. BCE– 1st c. CE) Obliterated [Border of dots] Jewish War (66–70 CE) – Amphora Vine leaf and tendril Obliterated [- - -]C[- - -] Obliterated Garlanded, lighted altar; in ex.: ET–HP RPC 1: 628, No. 4292 Same 203 (4177/1; 4273/1*); 213 (4406/2; 4434); 217 (4153/2; 4165/3–4; 4229/2; 4205/5) In wreath: NEP/WNO/C LE KAIC–APOC Palm branch 111484; 111493; 111509– 10; 111543; 111539–40; 111551; 111571 111483; 111488; 111545– 46 203 (4128/14; 4183/4); 217 44*–47 (4205/1–2) DONALD T. ARIEL [ 242 ] 67/68 196 Same [ ]– Same [ ] Vine leaf and tendril [ ] Vine leaf and tendril Same Same Cf. 196 197 48 213 (4725) 111532 49 204 (4250/2) Perhaps Agrippa I 111496 Meshorer: Herod (?) 111502 50 213 (4115/2) 203 (4128/2,3,4,5,6*,7,8,11; 4263/3); 213 (4609/1,3; 4613/4); 51–64* 217 (4287/4, 4316/1*) 92346–52; 92355; 111492; 111520; 111522; 111525; 111559; 111561 111480; 92353–54; 111486; 111494; 111503– 4; 111512; 111515; 111542; 111541; 111548; 111553; 111558 111554 65–79 202 (4004/1); 203 (4128/9–10; 4183/2; 4273/2); 213 (4115/3–4; 4540; 4573/1; 4613/5); 217 (4153/2; 4165/5; 4205/9; 4235; 4287/3) 80* 217 (4255/1) ( , 17 mm., 2.51 gm.) No. Obv. Notes IAA No. Rev. Loci (Baskets), (Axis, Diam., Wt.) Date (CE) Mint (if not Jerusalem) Bibliography (TJC No. unless otherwise stated) 81–89 [ ] Amphora Same 67/68– 68/69 69/70 214 91: Meshorer: “year two” 111521; 111524 111514; 111516 205 111560 [- - -] Amphora? Cup Roman Provincial (1st–2nd c. CE) [- - -] Head r. 1st c. 1st–2nd c. Alexandria? Obliterated Fig. stg. In wreath: [- - -] 111531 Meshorer: Dora (?) (before 70 CE) 111563 Lulab and two ethrogs [- - -] Vine leaf ? [ ] Vine leaf and tendril 203 (4128/12–13); 213 (4151/1–2; 4613/6; 4622/1*); 217 (4165/1–2; 4205/10) Amphora 68/69 204 Vine leaf and tendril 92356–57; 111506–7; 111526–27; 111537–38; 111549 19 mm., 90 217 (4287/6) ( , 17 3.24 gm.) 91–92 213 (4609/2, 5) 93*–95 211 (4415); 213 (4548; 4573/2) 96 213 (4724) (25 mm., 5.50 gm.) 20 mm., 5.09 97 218 (4489) (18 gm.) CHAPTER SEVEN: COINS [ 243 ] [- - -] Head or bust r. Round countermark: Head? Obliterated 1st–2nd c.? 1st–2nd c. Same [- - -] Head or bust r. Same Same Justinian I (527–565 CE), Follis [- - -] Bust r. [dN IVSTINI]– ANVS PP AVC M Above, cross; to l., Diademed, A/N/[N]/[O]; to r., X/³; cuirassed bust r., with paludamentum in ex.: CON; beneath: B 541/42 Ab ‘Ali al-Mans r al-H kim bi-Amr All h AH 386-411 / 996-1021 CE, Dirham Constantinople MIBE: 129, No. 95a 98 217 (4229/1) (23 mm., 7.12 gm.) Meshorer: unidentifiable Roman provincial with countermark 111550 Meshorer: Roman 111508 provincial (?) Meshorer: Roman provincial (?) 111501 99 213 (4406/1) (23 mm., 7.98 gm.) 100 213 (4115/1) (18 mm., 6.01 gm.) 101 Surf. (4059) ( , 28 mm., 17.17 gm.) Pierced 111498 102 213 (4580/4) (20 mm., 1.22 gm.) Cf. Nicol 2006: 177, No. 1367 111517 No. Obv. Notes IAA No. Baldwin III (1143–1163 CE), Denier + DE IERVSA[LEM] Tower of David 111518 Cf. Metcalf 1995: Pl. 10, No. 150 Rev. Loci (Baskets), (Axis, Diam., Wt.) Date (CE) Mint (if not Jerusalem) Bibliography (TJC No. unless otherwise stated) 103 Al-‘Âdil I Sayf ad-Dîn Abû Bakr (AH 596-615 / 1199-1218 CE), Fals 213 (4580/5) (17 mm., 0.56 gm.) R[EX] BALDVI[N]VS Cross pattée / [- - -] In center: [ Mamlûks (14th c. CE), Fals / ] Dimashq Cf. Balog 1980: 136, No. 320 104 In center: “Cleaning” (4081/3) (24 mm., 3.46 / gm.) AH 60[.] = 1203– 1213 111568 105 213 (4580/3) (16 gm.) Obliterated Obliterated 20 mm., 1.88 Stratigraphical association in doubt 111519 DONALD T. ARIEL [ 244 ] Ottomans (15th–16th c. CE), Manghir Arabesque Mahmûd II (‘ dli) (AH 1223–1255 / 1808–1839 CE), š / Obliterated Franz Josef, Heller / / 1837 Qustantiniye Same Obliterated Tughra Double-headed eagle “1” within stylized frame; below two branches, and date 1894 Vienna British Mandate (1924–1958), Mil PALESTINE / / 1935 /( " ) / ONE MIL / Branch 1935 Palestine 106 “Cleaning” (4375) (15 mm., 0.82 gm.) Cf. Valentine 1911: 30, No. 13 111570 107 “Cleaning” (4081/2) (22 mm., 1.35 gm.) Tughra Pere 1968: 251, No. 827 Cf. Pere 1968: 251, No. 828 Yirmi Paralik,, pierced Noktali, pierced 111505 108 213 (4115/6) 109 “Cleaning” (4377) Cf. Krause and Mishler 1974: 39, No. 26 110 Surf. (4362/2) Berlin 2001: 34 CHAPTER SEVEN: COINS Plate 7.1 Area B, coins from the Burnt House APPENDIX: FLAN MOLD (Pl. 5.15:9; Color Pl. XVI:5) Flan molds from excavations in the Jewish Quarter were noted in an earlier analysis of flan molds from the region (Ariel 1990: 115–117). One, from Area E in the Jewish Quarter, was published by me (Ariel 2006: 214–215), where eight flan molds from the Jewish Quarter were examined. The flan mold published here (Reg. No. 4303) was noted in Avigad 1983: 129, Fig. 126. It was found in Room L.217 in the Burnt House (Stratum 2), destroyed in 70 CE. One wonders how such an object was ultimately deposited in such a domestic context. The flan mold’s maximal preserved dimensions are 12.2 cm. high and 17.6 cm. wide. Its thickness fluctuates from 5.0 to 5.4 cm. This is thicker than most flan molds, which generally range between 2.5 and 4.1 cm. Thus, this fragment is close in thickness to the unusually thick specimens found in Khirbet Rafiª, where they are 6–7 cm. thick (Kloner 1976) — and an as yet unpublished fragment from 2006 excavations at the City of David in Jerusalem, which is 7.41 cm. thick (my thanks to D. Amit for permission to note this find). Parts of two sides are preserved: the bottom (when the mold was in use), and one of the vertical sides. There is no evidence for the funnels, which would have been found on the unpreserved upper edge; nor are there guideline markings for aligning and binding the mold to the opposing flat slab used in the process of manufacturing the flans. Seven rows of connected drilled hollows, each with at least four hollows, are preserved. The lower edges of the bottommost hollows in each row are some 3 [ 245 ] DONALD T. ARIEL cm. above the bottom of the flan mold, roughly similar to other flan molds. The diameter of the hollows is 1.5 cm.; their depth is 2 mm. This would have yielded slightly larger struck coins than those produced in the mold from Khirbet Rafiª. It should be said, however, that the 1.5 cm. size is the most common size of the total of nine flan molds examined from the Jewish Quarter. In 2003, we reasoned that 1.5-cm. flan molds should be associated with Hasmonean or Herodian rulers (Ariel 2003: 116). In spite of the 70 CE context of the Area B flan mold, based upon the diameter of the flans, this still seems to be the case. This mold fragment appears to date earlier than its context, producing flans for striking before the beginning of the Roman prefect coinage in Jerusalem. BIBLIOGRAPHY Ariel 1990 D.T. Ariel, Excavations in the City of David Directed by Yigal Shiloh, II: Imported Stamped Amphora Handles, Coins, Worked Bone and Ivory, and Glass (Qedem 30). Jerusalem. Ariel 2003 D.T. Ariel, Flan Molds from the Temple Mount Excavations. In E. 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