The Coins from Burial Caves D and E at Hurfeish more

The Coins from Burial Caves D and E at Hurfeish Danny Syon Burial Caves D and E at Hurfeish are outstanding in the richness and variety of the artifacts found within, and the coins underscore this observation. In most cases, unfortunately, well-preserved coins uncovered by illicit digging find their way into private collections, while excavations yield, at best, identifiable coins which aid in dating the various strata. However, the coins found in the present excavation are a remarkable exception to this rule in quantity, state of preservation and significance. Of the 29 coins found altogether, 27 were found in Cave D and two [6, 9]* in Cave E. One is completely „, ■ r i • li + r a unidentifiable. They are described, and where relevant The corns found in the recent excavation fully , . ■ . . ., • t. . , t, „ .J., i j ,i ■ j j. ■ >.n r discussed in detail, in the cataloque that follows. represent the second and third centuries CE, from . ,..•...„ a ... a a+w a J . r~ . .±,. x, . r,, . . As a qroup, the coins fully represent the second and third the rewn of Traian to within that o Slaxunian , . nr. , (r . (no ...... .... 6 J J J centuries CE, from the reign of Trajan (98-117) to within that of Maximian (308). Four coins are apparently unpublished. One is a completely new type [22], of 'Akko-Ptolemais. One is outstanding for its size and obverse legend [10] and can probably be connected to an » historical event. One type is new for the emperor concerned [14], and the last [17] is a borderline case between a new type or a variant. |. P Table 1: The Coins From Hurfeish - Breakdown By Mints *l661*167 Mint Quantity H BP Tyre 17 n Antioch 3 o o Akko-Ptolemais 3 s Rome 2 Diocaesarea 1 —. o 3 Caesarea 1 a Alexandria 1 = The mint of Tyre is represented by 61 % of the coins: six autonomous issues from the second century and 11 colonial issues from the third. The unusually strong economic presence of Tyre in the Galilee, as reflected by the coin finds, has been noted in most reports dealing with excavations in the Galilee. The phenomenon has been dealt with in some detail (Hanson 1980; Barag 1982/3), but not yet fully explained. Coins from the mint of Rome [27, 28], dating to the first to third centuries, are fairly rare in the Galilee. The Context of the Coins In what follows, only Cave D is discussed, as the coins from Cave E were not recorded in situ. The distribution of the coins within Cave D may help narrow the dating of the burials within particular kokhim (loculi). Kokh II (L101): Three autonomous coins of Tyre (2nd cent. CE) [4, 7, 8]. One Antiochean coin of Marcus Aurelius, dated 166/7 [2]. Kokh III (L103): One Antiochean coin of Trajan? (98-117 CE) [1] and one coin of Antoninus Pius, mint of Sepphoris-Diocaesarea (138-161 CE) [24]. In this kokh a terra sigillata bowl, dated to the mid-first-second century CE was also found (Abu-Uqsa, This volume). Both kokhim contain coins of the second century only, all considerably worn. In addition, both these kokhim are narrow and were found blocked by three courses of fieldstones. Together with the evidence of the bowl, it appears that these two kokhim are from the first use of the cave, during the last third of the second century at the earliest. Kokh I (L108): One coin of Philippus Senior (244-249 CE) [18] from the mint of Tyre. Kokh IV (L104): One worn coin of Trajan? (98-117 CE) [21] from the mint of 'Akko-Ptolemais, three of Elagabalus (218-222 CEMwo from 'Akko-Ptolemais [22, 23] and one from Tyre [17]. The three coins of Elagabalus were found along the northeastern wall of the kokh, together with three glass vessels. * Square brackets |] denote the catalogue number. Kokh V is also narrow, but did not contain any coins, so its association with the other two is conjectural. The few glass vessels in the cave that might possibly be dated to this first phase of use in the late second century (see Gorin-Rosen, This volume) were found in other kokhim and in the standing pit, but do nevertheless provide some corroboration. Kokh VI (LI 06): One worn coin of Trajan (98-117 CE) [25] from the mint of Caesarea, one worn city coin probably from the second century and one of Elagabalus (218-222 CE) [15] from Tyre. These three kokhim are twice as wide as the others. The coins indicate that they were in use during the third century, although they were probably first used in the late second, as hinted by the worn coins found in two of them. It is also possible that these three kokhim were originally narrow and were enlarged in the second phase of use. Not surprisingly, the latest coins, from the early fourth century [3, 28], were found in the standing pit in the center of the cave, indicating the latest burials. The excellent state of preservation of these coins indicates deposition very soon-probably only a few years-after minting. The distribution of the coins in the cave and the kokhim does not provide any evidence as to their use as 'Charon's obol'. In two cases only do the coins come from the inner reaches of the kokh, possibly from the skull itself. In Kokh IV however, it appears that the coins were part of the funerary offerings placed along the northeastern wall of the kokh. Except for one example [17], the coins are not pierced. With some reservations, we may divide the use of the cave into three phases, based on the numismatic evidence. The first, which probably coincided with the construction of the cave, dates to the late second century, possibly during the reign of Marcus Aurelius. No coins were found from between c. 180 CE (the latest autonomous issues of Tyre) and c. 215-222 CE. From the time of Elagabalus there is a second burst of activity until c. 250 CE, and it is during this phase that three of the kokhim may have been widened. The third phase of use of Cave D was short, around c. 300-310 CE. Antioch 1. Reg. No.1079, L103, IAA 81202. Trajan? (98-117 CE), Antioch. Obv. Illegible inscription. Bust r. Rev. SC in wreath. /E, t, 12.13 gm, 26 mm. Worn. 2. Reg. No. 2012, L101, IAA 81182. Marcus Aurelius, Antioch, 166/7 CE. Obv. Inscription partly off flan, partly illegible. Head r Rev. SC in wreath; in field: cx: |, 11.02 gm, 25 mm. Cf. BMCGal.m Nos. 338 f. 3. Reg. No.1053, L107, IAA 81193. Diocletianus, Antioch or Tripolis, c. 300 CE. Obv. IMP CC VAL DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG Bust r., radiate, cuirassed. Rev. I0VI ET HERCV CONSER AVGG Jupiter r., holding globe and leaning on scepter, facing Heracles, nude, holding Victory with wreath, club and lion skin; in field: Z /E, t-3.02 gm, 22 mm. Cf. RIC Hunter Cabinet 4:238, No. 72. The space above the Z in the center field is corroded. It may have contained a crescent, which would have made the attribution to Antioch certain. This type was minted at Antioch and Tripolis only. Tyre 4. Reg. No. 2002, L101, IAA 81180. Autonomous, 112-183 CE. Obv. Head of Melqart r. Rev. T[YPOY]MHTPO/nOA[ EWC]/H[-J Club in wreath; below r.: date, on r.: l^h /E, 110.18 gm, 22 mm. Cf. BMCPhoeimi, Nos. 356-360. 5. Reg. No.2023, L107, IAA 81191. Autonomous, 182/3 CE. Obv. Head of Melqart r. Rev. TlYPOYl/MHTPO/riOAEWS/HT Club in wreath; below r.: date, on r.: border of dots. ft, t, 8.72 gm, 23 mm. Cf. BMCPhoerr.267. Nos. 356-360. 6. Reg. No. 2046, IAA 82842. Autonomous. Obv. Head of Tyche r., veiled, with turreted crown. Rev. Illegible inscription. Galley I. /€, f, 5.79 gm, 19 mm. 7. Reg. No. 2015. L101. IAA 81196. Autonomous, 2nd cent. CE. Obv. Head of Melqart r. Oval countermark with palm branch. Rev. Obliterated. Traces of club in wreath? /E, 12.71 gm. 24 mm. Worn. For the countermark, cf. Howgego 1985:178, No. 385; PI. 15, dated 130/1,136/7,155/6. All on worn coins. 8. Reg. No. 1098, L101, IAA 81200. Same, but on obverse round countermark with unidentifiable design. /E, 10.77 gm, 27 mm. 9. Reg. No.2045, IAA 82843. Autonomous, 93/4-195/6 CE. Obv. Head of Tyche r., veiled, with turreted crown. Rev.[-} ¥/IEPA2/MHTP0n0/AEW2/ Galley I., with prow terminating in volute, battering ram and a row of oars. /E. t,6.68gm, 19 mm. BMCPhoerr.2Q2 ff., Nos. 313-330. 10. Reg. No.1054, L107, IAA 81194. Caracalla, 215 CE. Obv. M AVREL ANTON-INVS PIVS AVG Bust r., bearded, laureate, cuirassed. Rev. [S]EPTVRVS... Tyche facing, wearing turreted crown; placing r. on trophy, crowned by small Nike on column; on I.: palm tree; on r.: traces of murex shell. /E medallion, t, 25.26 gm, 34 mm. Unpublished. The obverse legend appears in the mint of Rome beginning 207 CE (CRE 5:348, Notes t*L In the same mint and same year, Caracalla ceases to be portrayed wearing a cuirass, and he first appears wearing a short beard in 210. On coins of Tyre, this obverse legend has not been recorded, and Caracalla appears invariably without a cuirass. Thus, the obverse legend appears to have been copied from a Roman prototype, while the die was prepared locally, as indicated by the break in the legend, which does not appear in Rome. On coins of other cities of Phoenicia, Syria and Palestine, Caracalla often appears wearing a cuirass. The coin is the size and weight of a standard Roman sestertius and was no doubt used as a coin. Coins of this size are rare in Phoenician and Palestinian mints, although quite common in some cities of Asia Minor - especially under Caracalla and Elagabalus.1 Our coin is quite obviously a special issue, and is one of a number of city coins which were probably struck to commemorate Caracalla's passage through the area in 215 CE, on his way from Antioch to Alexandria (Barkay 1995:281—283).2 Another unpublished coin of Tyre, of the same size and with the same obverse as the present coin, has a different reverse.3 Other coins that have been suggested by Barkay as commemorating the visit are known from Nysa-Scythopolis (Barkay 1995:40, No. 49, dated 214/5 CE), Sepphoris (Meshorer 1979:168, Nos. 1-4; PI. 18:8-11. undated),4 Gadara (Spijkerman 1978:148-149, No. 75, dated 214/5 CE) and possibly a coin from Tiberias and one from • Akko-Ptolemais.b We can probably add Laodicea ad Mare to the itinerary of the emperor. The city received colonial status under Septimius Severus, but used mixed Greek-Latin legends on its coins. The first issues using Latin-only legends portray Caracalla with a slight beard, and with the same obverse legend as on our coin, with the additional titles PGB or PGB MAX (parthicus germanicus britannicus). As the title of Germanicus was conferred on him at the end of September 213 CE, after which he set out on his journey to the east, these issues may well commemorate his visit to the city. Some of the Laodicean coins also bear typically Roman reverses, such as the she-wolf suckling the twins Romulus and Remus (BMC Ga/:259, Nos. 91,92), and the modius (a basket symbolizing a measure of corn) [BMC Gal.2SQ, No. 94) which usually alludes to an imperial foundation of grain distribution. These types had not been used in Laodicea previously. An interesting passage in the Rabbinical literature refers to the striking of special coinage when the emperor visits: "....A king of flesh and blood entered a province and the people set up portraits of him, made images of him and struck coins in his honor....".6 This midrash is considered to be early Tannaitic, i.e. from the second, possibly early third centuries. It may well allude to the visits of several emperors who came to the east from Hadrian onwards- some of whom left a numismatic record.7 Elagabalus, Before the Suppression of the Colony, 218-219 CE 11. Reg. No.1057, L107, IAA81189. Obv. IMP CAES M AV AN-TONINVS AVG Young bust r., laureate, wearing paludamentum and cuirass. Rev. SEPT-IM-[T]-VRO, in exergue: COLO Type as on No. 10, but on Tyche's I.: Marsyas, on her r.: murex shell. /E,\ , 18.49 gm, 29 mm. Cf. BMC Phoen:274. Nos. 390-392. Elagabalus, After the Suppression of the Colony, 219-222 CE 12. Reg. No.1039, L102, IAA81198. Obv. Illegible inscription. Bust r., laureate. Rev. [TVRH-O-RVM Type as on No. 10. /E, 1.13.14 gm, 28 mm. Partly corroded. Cf. BMC Phoen:27b, Nos. 396 ff. 13. Reg. No.1022, L107, IAA 81186. Obv. IMP [CAES M AV A]NT-0NIN... (last part garbled) Young bust r., laureate, wearing paludamentum and cuirass. Rev. T-V-RI-OR[VM] Type as on No. 10. /E.V7.87 gm, 28 mm. 14. Reg. No.1036, L107, IAA 81201. Obv. ..AN-T0N[INV.. Bust r., laureate. Rev. [TVRI0RV]-M Victory advancing I., holding palm branch in I., with r. placing wreath on palm tree. In field: murex shell. /E, t, 8.49 gm, 27 mm. Apparently unpublished. Cf. BMC Phoetr.272, No. 417 (Aquilia Several. Another exemplar is IAA 49643, originally from the Hanita Museum collection (Julia Maesa) 15. Reg. No.1092, L106, IAA 81184. Obv. Illegible inscription. Bust r. Oval countermark with unidentifiable design. Rev. T-VRI-ORV-M Hexastyle temple with arched pediment and steps leading up to it. Within, Tyche to I., placing r. on trophy, crowned by small Nike on a column. Below: altar, with palm tree(?) on r., murex shell on I. /E. 1.15.42 gm, 27 mm. Cf. BMC Phoen.m, Nos. 404-405. 16. Reg. No.1051, L107, IAA 81181. Obv. [IMP CAES MA]VAN-TONINV[S AVG] Bust r. Rev. T-VRI-ORV-M Type as above, but worn. /E, T, 8.58 gm, 27 mm. 17. Reg. No. 1067, L104, IAA 81183. Obv...K. Bustr. Rev. [TVR]-IORV-[M] Dionysus, stg. front, head I., on ship's prow; placing r. on trophy on I., and leaning on thyrsos; below trophy: two captives; between the figure and the trophy: a palm tree; in center: murex shell. /E, t, 10.14 gm, 27 mm. Pierced. Unpublished. Cf. BMC PhoenHG. No. 406. This coin may in fact be a variant, but it differs from the published coin in five aspects, so I tend to regard it as a new type. The palm tree does not appear on the coin in BMC, on our coin there is no panther as on the published coin, and Dionysus appears not to have a kantharos in his right hand, an attribute which is almost universal. The placing of the hand on a trophy is a typically 'Tyrian' gesture, appearing on the ubiquitous colonial 'Tyche and trophy' type (our Nos.10-13,18). The way Dionysus holds the thyrsos is unusual. His arm is turned down, twisted around the thyrsos, instead of turned up, which is the way he is normally depicted.8 18. Reg. No.1004, L108. IAA 81197. Philip Senior, 244-249 CE Obv. IMP M IVL PH[ILIPPVS PF AVG] Bust r.. laureate. Rev. ...RO Type as on No. 10, but on Tyche's I.: Marsyas and star, on her r.: murex shell. /E, f, 18.12 gm, 32 mm. Cf. BMCPhoen.m, No. 431. 19. Reg. No. 2035, IAA 81954. Trebonianus Gallus, 251-253 CE Obv. [IMP CG] VIBIVS TR[EB0 GALLV]S AVG Bust r., laureate. Rev. COL TVR-0 METR Portable shrine with arched roof. Within, protome of Tyche to r., with turreted crown; below, traces of murex shell. /E, 1, 21.06 gm, 29 mm. BMCPhoen.m. No. 437. Holes in flan on both sides, probably as a result of poor casting. 20. Reg. No.1058, L107, IAA 81188. 2nd-3rd centuries. Tyre? Obv. Traces of bust. Rev. Galley? Round countermark with human figure advancing r. /E. 4.11 gm, 25 mm. Broken in two and corroded. 'Akko-Ptolemais 21. Reg. No.1063, L104, IAA 81187. Trajan? (98-117 CE) Obv. Illegible inscription. Traces of bust r. Square countermark with winged thunderbolt. Rev. Illegible inscription. Tyche seated. /E, t. 7.97 gm, 23 mm. Cf. Kadman 1961:110, Nos. 97-99. For the countermark, cf. ibid., Nos. 98,105 (Trajan and Hadrian); also Howgego 1985:195, Nos. 472, 474 from Antioch (Augustus and Claudius) and 'Akko-Ptolemais (two of these from Kadman 1961). 22. Reg. No.1068, L104, IAA 81192. Elagabalus (218-222 CE), 'Akko-Ptolemais. Obv. IMP CA... Young bust r., laureate, wearing paludamentum and cuirass(?). Rev. COL [PTOL] Three-horned altar flanked by two columns with capitals and bases. Right column surmounted by winged thunderbolt on globe; left column surmounted by unidentified object. At the foot of both columns, two small objects or figures. Border of dots /£, 1, 8.32 gm, 26 mm. Cf. Anonymous (A. Kindler) 1964. A similar coin is in the Kibbutz Sasa collection, found on the kibbutz grounds, c, 5 km from Hurfeish.9 On this coin, in the center of the altar there are what appear to be two diagonal crossmembers, suggesting that the altar is not a stone structure, but rather openwork metal. Here the word PTOL in exergue is complete. This type is not attested-as far as I am aware-on any other coinage. The altar obviously alludes to a cult, and the two columns apparently carry objects associated with this cult. Thunderbolts are a fairly common type or device on ancient coinage, and at 'Akko-Ptolemais they appear either as the main type10 or as adjuncts. The flan may have been cut from a rod, as it shows cut marks and filing marks (visible on the photograph, on the center of the altar). Flans cut from rods are known from "Akko-Ptolemais and Neapolis only, in the late second to mid-third centuries CE.11 23. Reg. No.1069, L104, IAA 81179. Elagabalus (218-222 CE) Obv. ...NINO... Bust r. Rev. Illegible inscription. Hexastyle temple with arched pediment; within, Tyche wearing long dress, holding cornucopia and rudder; she is being crowned by small Nike on a column; below, altar between harpa and caduceus. /E,l. 11.36 gm, 25 mm. Cf. Kadman 1961:124, No.170. Other Mints 24. Reg. No.1081, L103, IAA 81190. Antoninus Pius (138-161 CE), Sepphoris-Diocaesarea. Obv. [AY] T KAI ANT- [ WNINOC...] Bust r. Rev. [AIOKAI] IEP [A]C[Y] A[Y]TOY Tetrastyle temple with arched pediment. Within, goddess. /E, t, 9.08 gm, 24 mm. BMC Pal.:3. Nos.21f. 25. Reg. No.1091, L106, IAA 81199. Trajan (98-117 CE), Caesarea. Obv. Illegible inscription. Bust r., laureate. Rev. [COL] PR FL AVG CA[ESARENSIS] Emperor to I., sacrificing on altar. In his extended r. patera, in his I. cornucopia. /E, t, 9.40 gm, 24 mm. Kadman 1957:102, No. 23. 26. Reg. No.1007, L107, IAA 81195. Antoninus Pius, Rome, 140-144 CE. Obv. Illegible inscription. Bust r. Rev. Spes advancing I., holding flower and raising her skirt; in field I. and r.: S[C] /E sestertius, 1,19.81 gm, 30 mm. RIC3AU, No. 626. 27. Reg. No.2036, IAA 81955. Maximinus I, Rome, 235-236 CE. Obv. IMP MA[XIMINVS PIVS AVG] Bust r., laureate, bearded, draped, cuirassed. Rev. [FIDES MIRITVM Fides draped, stg. front; head holding vertical standard in each hand. /£ as, t, 15.11 gm, 27 mm. CRE 6:228, No. 66. The coins of this emperor are rare in the eastern Mediterranean and the only city in the area that minted for him was Ascalon (BMC Pa/.:140, Nos. 251-253). Altogether only ten coins of his are listed in the state collections, one from the mint of Ascalon, the rest from the mint of Rome. 28. Reg. No.1056, L107, IAA 81185. Maximian, Alexandria, 308 CE. Obv. IMP C GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS PF AVG Head r., bearded, laureate. Rev. GENIO IMP-ERATORIS Genius, wearing modius on head, holding patera in r.; cornucopia in I; in field l.:K; in field r.p; in exergue: ALE 6.92 gm, 23 mm. RIC 5:674, No. 72. Notes: 1. For example Ionia, in which the cities of Clazomenae, Ephesus, Phocaea and Smyrna issued some huge coins under Caracalla, with no apparent commemorative intention (BMC lonia:33, No. 128; p. 85, Nos. 269,272; p. 224, No. 147; p. 288. Nos. 403-406). 2. Caracalla arrived in Antioch in the summer of 215 CE and in Alexandria between December 215 and April 216 (Kienast 1990:162-163). 3. The coin is from the Shachaf collection; my thanks are due to L. Wolfe, Jerusalem, for his permission to mention the coin. 4. Meshorer (1979:166-171) does not deal at all with the possibility that these coins commemorate the visit, but only with the commemoration of a treaty between Sepphoris and Rome. 5. Barkay 1995:282. The coin from Tiberias seems an unlikely candidate, while the coin from 'Akko-Ptolemais has not been fully published. 6. Mekilta de-Rabbi Ishmael, Bahodesh 8:72-76, ed. J.Z. Lauterbach, Philadelphia 1949. 7. For Hadrian's visit in Gaza see Kindler 1975. For the visit of Marcus Aurelius, see Gitler 1990-91. 8. In Nysa-Scythopolis, where Dionysus types are the most common, he invariably holds the thyrsos with his arm turned up (Barkay 1995, passim). I found only four examples of Dionysus with a down-turned arm, as on our coin: Came, Mysia, under Commodus; Laodicea ad Mare under Commodus; Berytus under Gordian III (Lindgren and Kovacs 1985:146, No. A218B; p. 110, Nos. 2086-2087; p. 120, No. 2273). 9.1 thank R. Getzov, keeper of the Kibbutz Sasa collection, for the information. This same coin was again published in Hebrew (Kindler 1967). Here the coin is erroneously said to have been found at Kibbutz Bet Ha'emeq. 10. Cf. Kadman 1961: Nos. 119,124,129,132,176 (Commodus. Septimius Severus, Caracalla and Elagabalus). 11. As far as I am aware, this phenomenon has not been dealt with in the literature, and is difficult tc assess from photographs. I handled several such flans of coins of 'Akko-Ptolemais from excavations in recent years. My thanks are due to S. Qedar, Jerusalem, for the information on the coins of Neapolis. References Abu-uqsa H. This volume. Two Burial Caves atHurfeish. Anonymous (A. Kindler). 1964. A New Coin Type of the Acco Series. Israel Numismatic Journal 2 (3-4):65; PI. 4:16. Barag D. 1982/3. Tyrian Currency in Galilee. Israel Numismatic Journal 6-7:7-13. Barkay R. 1995. The Greek Imperial Coinage of Beth-Shean (Nysa-Scythopolisl, Ph.D. diss. Hebrew University. Jerusalem (Hebrew). BMC Gal. Wroth W. 1899. Catalogue of the Greek Coins ofGalatia, Cappadocia, and Syria. London. BMC Ionia. Head B.V. 1964. Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Ionia. Bologna BMC Pal. Hill G.F. 1965. British Museum Catalogue of Greek Coins of Palestine. Bologna (London 1914). BMCPhoen. Hill G.F. 1910. Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Phoenicia. London. CRE 5. Mattingly H. 1950. Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum V. Pertinax to Elagabalus. London. CRE 6. Carson R.A.G. 1962. The Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum VI. Severus Alexander to Balbinus and Pupienus. London. Gitler H. 1990-91. Numismatic Evidence on the Visit of Marcus Aurelius to the East. Israel Numismatic Journal 11:36-51; PI.7. Gorin-Rosen Y. This volume. The Glass Vessels from Burial Cave D at Hurfeish. Hanson R.S. 1980. Tyrian Influence in the Upper Galilee. Cambridge, Mass. Howgego C.J. 1985. Greek Imperial Countermarks. London. Kadman L. 1957. The Coins ofCaesarea Maritima (Corpus Nummorum Palestinensium II). Jerusalem. Kadman L. 1961. The Coins of Akko-Ptolemais (Corpus Nummorum Palestinensium IV). Jerusalem. Kienast D. 1990. Romische Kaisertabelle. Darmstadt. Kindler A. 1967. A New Type of the Coin Series of Acco-Ptolemais. Alon 1(3):59 (Hebrew). Kindler A. 1975. Numismatic Documentation of Hadrian's Visit to Gaza. Museum Ha'aretz Bulletin 17/18:61-67 (Hebrew). Lindgren H.C. and Kovacs F.L. 1985. Ancient Bronze Coins of Asia Minor and the Levant. San Mateo. Meshorer Y. 1979. Sepphoris and Rome. In 0. Morkholm and N.M. Waggoner eds. Greek Numismatics and Archaeology-Essays in Honor of Margaret Thompson. Wetteren. Pp. 159-171; PI.18. RIC Hunter Cabinet 4. Robertson A.S. 1978. Roman Imperial Coins in the Hunter Coin Cabinet 4. Valerian toAllectus. Oxford. RIC 3. Mattingly H. and Sydenham E.A. 1968. The Roman Imperial Coinage III. Antoninus Pius to Commodus. London. RIC6. Sutherland C.H.V. 1967. The Roman Imperial Coinage^. From Diocletian's Reform (A.D. 294) to the Death of Maximinus (A.D. 313). London. Spijkerman A. 1978. The Coins of the Decapolis and Provincia Arabia. M. Piccirillo ed. Jerusalem.